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== Marshall Rosenberg at ''NVC in restorative settings'' ==
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London 13th june 2002
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Transcript of role-play
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Restorative justice 'conference' between victim and perpetrator of sexual offence
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'''Background information'''
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In this role-play, Marshall was demonstrating how a facilitator can use NVC to help both victim and perpetrator to reach a point where healing from their respective pain becomes possible.
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As facilitator, he made reference to, but did not specify, the request that the victim would be invited to make of the perpetrator. He also recognised all the work the perpetrator might have to do to get in touch with his feelings and needs at the time of the offence, before taking part in the 'conference' with the victim.
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Marshall was playing the three roles of:
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* Restorative justice facilitator
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* Victim of a sexual offence
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* Perpetrator of the offence
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=== NVC in RJ: outline of the process ===
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'''Step 1:''' In advance of the meeting, the facilitator coaches the perpetrator to express himself in terms of feelings and needs and to hear the feelings and needs behind whatever the victim may say. Wherever possible, the facilitator will coach the victim in a similar way.
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The amount of coaching needed will vary from one person to another.
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'''Step 2:''' The victim articulates the pain that he/she feels in relation to the perpetrator's actions. The perpetrator, with the support of the facilitator, reflects back to the victim all those feelings that are still alive in the victim in relation to the perpetrator's action(s).
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In Nonviolent Communication, this is described as giving empathy. This process can take some time but should continue until it is clear that the victim feels satisfaction at being fully understood. Until this happens, we predict that the victim will not be able to hear the perpetrator's feelings and needs, and this will restrict the depth of the healing process.
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'''Step 3:''' The perpetrator goes deep inside himself and articulates what he feels in response and his own needs that were not met by his actions.
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In Nonviolent Communication, this is described as mourning, and is fundamentally different from any process that encourages the perpetrator to feel guilt or shame.
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'''Step 4:''' The perpetrator says what was going on in him when he did what he did, that is, the feelings and needs that led him to act in this way.
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This is very different from explaining or justifying what he did: for example, 'because I was abused as a child'.
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The victim reflects back to the perpetrator the feelings and needs that were alive in the perpetrator that led him to act as he did.
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In other words, the victim gives the perpetrator empathy.
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Step 4 provides the foundation for further restorative work with the perpetrator: it can help the perpetrator to find new, more constructive ways of meeting his needs in the future.
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'''Step 5:''' The victim and perpetrator make specific requests of each other.
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We believe it is vital for the facilitator to check whether either party needs to do this in order to complete the healing process.
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This cycle of empathy and understanding for the victim's pain, mourning for the perpetrator's actions and understanding how the perpetrator came to do it, maximises the chance of healing taking place for both parties.
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=== Transcript ===
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My preference is, if we have the opportunity, to get victim and offender together.
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Let's say the victim is a woman who has been raped. There are two ingredients: expressing from the heart, and empathy. Here's how it's going to look. The first thing I'm going to do is get the perpetrator to empathically connect with what's alive in the victim. I give the victim a chance to express herself and get empathy from the perpetrator.
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Most of the time, when people think they want to punish somebody, I think the 'need' behind it - punishment - is a strategy not a need. I think one of their needs is that they want the other person to know how they suffered. But where in our society do we ever see that happen? The only thing that people can think of is just to be victimised - and nothing happens - or punishment. Those are the only two options that we see. I've yet to see any victim who's gone through what I'm going to demonstrate now that afterwards would rather have seen the other person punished. The victims all they want very often is to see the other person suffer.
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Here's what I'm going to do. I'm going to start by helping this perpetrator to empathise with the person who he raped. (NB: this corresponds to Step 2)
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Victim: Do you know what it was like to be held down and have this happen to you? Do you know how much I suffered? How horrible that is? You monster, you ass hole. I'd like to see you dead.
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Facilitator to perpetrator: I want you to connect with what she saying. What is she feeling right now?
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Perpetrator: I'm sorry.
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Facilitator to perpetrator: No apologies. Apologies are too cheap. I want you to tell her what you heard her say she's feeling.
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(Pause)
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Facilitator to perpetrator I'm going to tell you what I heard, and then I want you to repeat it.
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Facilitator to victim: If I heard you correctly, you've got a whole bunch of feelings. You feel rage that anything like this could happen to you and you want some understanding also for how frightened you were to have this happen to you.
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Victim: Not only that, but it's two years ago and there's not a day in my life when I don't live my life without suffering.
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Facilitator to victim: So in addition to that, you want some understanding for the amount of suffering that goes on every day, for the fear that stays in you.
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Victim: Yes
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Facilitator to perpetrator: OK. Say back what you heard her feeling. What is she feeling and needing? (Pause) You want me to say it again?
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Perpetrator: No, let me try. (Addressing victim) You think I'm a monster.
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Facilitator to perpetrator: That's the easy part. I want you to hear her feelings and needs. What feelings and needs is she expressing to you?
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Perpetrator: She's furious. She wants me to know what it was like to be forced to have sex, and to be held down.
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Facilitator to perpetrator: What else?
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Perpetrator: I don't know
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Facilitator to perpetrator: Let me tell you what else I hear her say. She wants you to hear how terrified she was and how that terror stays with her and she hasn't had a day free of pain since then. Say it back.
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Perpetrator: She was terrified then, and she's been terrified every day since then.
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Facilitator to victim: Is this what you want you wanted him to hear?
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Victim: More than that, more than that.
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OK, so we go on for a while. This pain can be very deep, so I help the perpetrator hear that. That's the first step. Until this person feels fully understood.
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Facilitator to victim: Do you feel understood?
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Victim: Yes.
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Now the next thing I'm going to do is help the perpetrator mourn - not apologise, mourn. Mourning requires going deep into yourself. Apology is cheap. It's easy to say you're sorry, but what does that mean? People have learned since the time they've been a child that you say that just to get forgiven. There need be no sincerity in it, no real feeling in it. But in what we call mourning, we want this person to go deep inside. (NB: this corresponds to Step 3)
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Facilitator to perpetrator: So tell her what you feel right now, hearing what she's gone through.
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Perpetrator: I think I should be punished.
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Facilitator: Not what you think should happen to you - what you feel right now.
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Perpetrator: I feel like I'm an asshole.
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Facilitator: Calling you names isn't the answer. I want you to go inside and tell me how you feel.
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Perpetrator: Don't make me do that.
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Facilitator: It's terrifying to go inside and really see how it feels to do something like this. It's so much easier to call yourself a name. Or to say she asked for it, or to justify yourself. That's easy, but to go inside after you've seen how the other person has suffered. To go inside and to really express how you feel - it's scary. So I want you to go inside and tell me how you feel now that you see how she's suffered.
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Perpetrator: I feel sad. I feel sad.
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Facilitator: What needs of yours were not met by your behaviour?
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Perpetrator: That's not how I want to treat people, man. That's not how I want to treat people.
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OK, that's what we call mourning. I'm shortening the process, but that's mourning: going inside and really looking at how you feel about what you've done. And connecting it to needs of yours - your own - that weren't met by your own actions. That's far scarier but more sincere than an apology.
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(NB: This next part corresponds to Step 4 in the summary above.)
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Facilitator to Perpetrator: Now I want you to tell her what was going on in you when you did it. What were you feeling when you did it. What needs of yours were you trying to meet when you did it?
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Now it's interesting how in this part, the victim, before I even ask for it, after they get the understanding for their suffering, almost always they're screaming something like this: How could you do it? How could you do it?
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For healing to take place, there first needs to be the original empathy, the understanding, but then we also need to know 'how could this person do it?'. Because until we can really understand the other person and see why they did what they did, we can't forgive them and we can't heal until we can forgive them.
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Now in NVC empathy and forgiveness are the same thing. When we empathise, there's nothing to forgive. But we also stress in our work: don't go too quickly to getting the victim to understand the other person. Almost from the very beginning, some people in their lives have been encouraging them to forgive, to understand the other person. And if they do that before the first part, before they get fully understood for their suffering, the understanding they give to the other person can only be superficial. And it cuts their own healing. But when they've had the understanding they need, they are usually hungry to understand what could have been going on in the other person when they did what they did.
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Facilitator to perpetrator: So I want you to tell her now what was going on in you at the moment you were doing this. What was going on?
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And now I help the prisoner to identify and articulate what feelings and needs were alive in him when he did it. And then I ask the victim to empathise with that, to tell me back what she hears was going on in him when he did it. What was he feeling? What was he needing?
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When that happens, it's amazing the transformation that has occurred. These two people at that point are joined in a way that's going to make the next step much easier. The next step is now the restorative process. What in addition is needed for both parties to feel healed in this? And that's simply a matter of what request do you have of one another now?
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So that's a quick overview of how we do restorative justice using NVC.
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Question from the audience: What is the difference between an apology and mourning?
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Here's what the person always wants to do:
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Perpetrator: 'I'm sorry, I'm an asshole. Kill me.'
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Facilitator: 'That's what I call an apology - saying 'I'm wrong, I deserve to suffer'. That's how people have been educated. How long have you thought you were an asshole?
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Perpetrator: 'My whole life.'
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Facilitator: 'Has that kept you from doing this?
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Perpetrator: 'No'.
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Facilitator: 'It's not what I'm asking you - how you think you are. I want to know how you feel. How do you feel?'
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Perpetrator: 'I'm sorry'
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Facilitator: 'No, that word doesn't tell me anything. You've probably been saying you're sorry for everything you've done. You've probably been educated to do that by rote. If somebody thinks you're wrong, you say you're sorry and then you're forgiven. No, that's too cheap. I want you to go inside and really tell me how you feel now that you see who's suffering.'
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Almost always, they say 'don't make me do that'. It's painful to go inside and really see how painful it is to have done things to another person. It's not shame. The shame comes by self-violence - by thinking that what you did was wrong. That's too easy. Shame is too superficial. And it's a form of violence towards self. I want this person to go in and suffer naturally but deeply. It's a natural feeling when we see that we have done something that didn't serve life. We have strong feelings but never shame or guilt. The feelings are often a deep sadness. A deep despair. A deep fear. Very often it's: 'I'm scared to death to think I could have done something like that to someone.' Deep, deep feelings. But not shame, guilt.
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Shame and guilt come about through self violence. Thinking that what you did means there's something wrong with you.
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Perpetrator: 'But there is something wrong with me, man. Look what I did to her'.
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Facilitator: 'We're going to get later to why you did it. It's too easy to think there's something wrong with you. I want you to go inside now and tell me how you feel about having done it. I don't want to hear you judge yourself. Judging yourself is only going to make you more violent. I want you to mourn, I don't want you to apologise.'
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And then after the mourning, we go inside and then we empathise with the reasons why the person did it. You see, the reason a person does this is always to meet a human need or one or more needs.
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Now, very often in the work we do in prisons, we don't have the victims available. So I play the role of the victim, and the work we do with the prisoner is to get them to empathise with their victims, to role-play - so we go through the process even when we don't have access to the victims. But we want them to empathise with the suffering created by their acts. We want them to mourn it and then we want them to forgive themselves by empathising fully with what needs of theirs they were trying to meet by doing that. It doesn't justify the behaviour. It just means that when they can see the good reasons why they did it - the good reasons mean they were trying the best they knew how to meet human needs. Then we can start trying to find other ways of meeting those needs that don't violate other people.
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=== Transcription and translation procedure ===
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* Transcribed by Jo McHale from a recording by Beauchamp Bagenal
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* [[nvcwiki:Marshall Rosenberg et la justice restaurative]] : first translation to french
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* [[nvcwiki:en:Translation procedure]] initiated by [http://godfreyspencer.com Godfrey Spencer]
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== Dominic Barter and Restorative Justice in Brazil ==
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Dominic Barter, CNVC Restorative Justice Project coordinator, has been developing Restorative practices in Brazil since the mid 90's. Since 2005 his Restorative Circles process has been at the centre of the Brazilian Ministry of Justice pilot projects in Restorative Justice.
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Introduced in high schools, youth courts, youth prisons, municipal shelters, police departments and in local communities the Circles have brought about a profound paradigm change in the way justice is done - creating healing and security where conflict and crime had brought division and fear.
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In the last three years RC have been shared in 11 countries and projects are underway in families, courts, prisons, schools and communities
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Restorative Circles are deeply aligned with the principles and practice of Nonviolent Communication, creating shared power and engaging with the underlying meaning in conflict and crime in order to produce measurable acts that heal and connect.
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The Circles bring together the three parties involved in painful acts: those who committed the act, those who bore its brunt, and those who form the community of those indirectly impacted.
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Using a needs-based dialogue process the participants are invited to recover the ability to understand each other, to learn from what happened, and to make a specific plan for the future, designed to bring benefit to all and change in the social conditions in which the conflict arose.
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More than a methodology, Restorative Circles are the centrepiece of a systemic response to community safety which bring nonviolence into public life in a tangible, constructive form.
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== External links ==
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* [http://www.restorativejustice.org/ Restorative justice on line] (using [http://plone.org/ Plone] :)
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| valign=top |
 
== Démonstration du rôle du médiateur (facilitateur) à Londres, le 13 juin 2002 ==
 
== Démonstration du rôle du médiateur (facilitateur) à Londres, le 13 juin 2002 ==
  
Ligne 4 : Ligne 216 :
  
 
: « Justice réparatrice entre victime et auteur d'abus sexuels »
 
: « Justice réparatrice entre victime et auteur d'abus sexuels »
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'''Présentation du contexte'''
 
'''Présentation du contexte'''
Ligne 16 : Ligne 229 :
 
* la victime d'abus sexuels
 
* la victime d'abus sexuels
 
* l'auteur d'abus sexuels
 
* l'auteur d'abus sexuels
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=== CNV et justice réparatrice : étapes du processus ===
 
=== CNV et justice réparatrice : étapes du processus ===
Ligne 180 : Ligne 394 :
 
* Transcrit par Jo McHale d'un enregistrement par Beauchamp Bagenal.
 
* Transcrit par Jo McHale d'un enregistrement par Beauchamp Bagenal.
 
* Première tentative de traduction en français par Nathalie et Dieudonné Dard.
 
* Première tentative de traduction en français par Nathalie et Dieudonné Dard.
* [[Procédure de traduction]] initiée par [http://godfreyspencer.com Godfrey Spencer]
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* [[nvcwiki:Procédure de traduction]] initiée par [http://godfreyspencer.com Godfrey Spencer]
  
 
== Liens externes ==
 
== Liens externes ==
Ligne 188 : Ligne 402 :
 
:* VF : [[nvcwiki:Marshall Rosenberg et la justice réparatrice]]
 
:* VF : [[nvcwiki:Marshall Rosenberg et la justice réparatrice]]
 
* [http://godfreyspencer.com/fr/justice_fr.htm Une autre traduction]
 
* [http://godfreyspencer.com/fr/justice_fr.htm Une autre traduction]
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|}
  
 
[[Catégorie:Justice Restaurative]]
 
[[Catégorie:Justice Restaurative]]
 
[[Catégorie:Processus restauratif]]
 
[[Catégorie:Processus restauratif]]
 
[[Catégorie:Communication NonViolente]]
 
[[Catégorie:Communication NonViolente]]

Version du 12 mai 2020 à 23:16

VO VF

Marshall Rosenberg at NVC in restorative settings

London 13th june 2002

Transcript of role-play

Restorative justice 'conference' between victim and perpetrator of sexual offence


Background information

In this role-play, Marshall was demonstrating how a facilitator can use NVC to help both victim and perpetrator to reach a point where healing from their respective pain becomes possible.

As facilitator, he made reference to, but did not specify, the request that the victim would be invited to make of the perpetrator. He also recognised all the work the perpetrator might have to do to get in touch with his feelings and needs at the time of the offence, before taking part in the 'conference' with the victim.

Marshall was playing the three roles of:

  • Restorative justice facilitator
  • Victim of a sexual offence
  • Perpetrator of the offence


NVC in RJ: outline of the process

Step 1: In advance of the meeting, the facilitator coaches the perpetrator to express himself in terms of feelings and needs and to hear the feelings and needs behind whatever the victim may say. Wherever possible, the facilitator will coach the victim in a similar way.

The amount of coaching needed will vary from one person to another.

Step 2: The victim articulates the pain that he/she feels in relation to the perpetrator's actions. The perpetrator, with the support of the facilitator, reflects back to the victim all those feelings that are still alive in the victim in relation to the perpetrator's action(s).

In Nonviolent Communication, this is described as giving empathy. This process can take some time but should continue until it is clear that the victim feels satisfaction at being fully understood. Until this happens, we predict that the victim will not be able to hear the perpetrator's feelings and needs, and this will restrict the depth of the healing process.

Step 3: The perpetrator goes deep inside himself and articulates what he feels in response and his own needs that were not met by his actions.

In Nonviolent Communication, this is described as mourning, and is fundamentally different from any process that encourages the perpetrator to feel guilt or shame.

Step 4: The perpetrator says what was going on in him when he did what he did, that is, the feelings and needs that led him to act in this way.

This is very different from explaining or justifying what he did: for example, 'because I was abused as a child'.

The victim reflects back to the perpetrator the feelings and needs that were alive in the perpetrator that led him to act as he did.

In other words, the victim gives the perpetrator empathy. Step 4 provides the foundation for further restorative work with the perpetrator: it can help the perpetrator to find new, more constructive ways of meeting his needs in the future.

Step 5: The victim and perpetrator make specific requests of each other.

We believe it is vital for the facilitator to check whether either party needs to do this in order to complete the healing process.

This cycle of empathy and understanding for the victim's pain, mourning for the perpetrator's actions and understanding how the perpetrator came to do it, maximises the chance of healing taking place for both parties.

Transcript

My preference is, if we have the opportunity, to get victim and offender together.

Let's say the victim is a woman who has been raped. There are two ingredients: expressing from the heart, and empathy. Here's how it's going to look. The first thing I'm going to do is get the perpetrator to empathically connect with what's alive in the victim. I give the victim a chance to express herself and get empathy from the perpetrator.

Most of the time, when people think they want to punish somebody, I think the 'need' behind it - punishment - is a strategy not a need. I think one of their needs is that they want the other person to know how they suffered. But where in our society do we ever see that happen? The only thing that people can think of is just to be victimised - and nothing happens - or punishment. Those are the only two options that we see. I've yet to see any victim who's gone through what I'm going to demonstrate now that afterwards would rather have seen the other person punished. The victims all they want very often is to see the other person suffer.

Here's what I'm going to do. I'm going to start by helping this perpetrator to empathise with the person who he raped. (NB: this corresponds to Step 2)

Victim: Do you know what it was like to be held down and have this happen to you? Do you know how much I suffered? How horrible that is? You monster, you ass hole. I'd like to see you dead.

Facilitator to perpetrator: I want you to connect with what she saying. What is she feeling right now?

Perpetrator: I'm sorry.

Facilitator to perpetrator: No apologies. Apologies are too cheap. I want you to tell her what you heard her say she's feeling.

(Pause)

Facilitator to perpetrator I'm going to tell you what I heard, and then I want you to repeat it.

Facilitator to victim: If I heard you correctly, you've got a whole bunch of feelings. You feel rage that anything like this could happen to you and you want some understanding also for how frightened you were to have this happen to you.

Victim: Not only that, but it's two years ago and there's not a day in my life when I don't live my life without suffering.

Facilitator to victim: So in addition to that, you want some understanding for the amount of suffering that goes on every day, for the fear that stays in you.

Victim: Yes

Facilitator to perpetrator: OK. Say back what you heard her feeling. What is she feeling and needing? (Pause) You want me to say it again?

Perpetrator: No, let me try. (Addressing victim) You think I'm a monster.

Facilitator to perpetrator: That's the easy part. I want you to hear her feelings and needs. What feelings and needs is she expressing to you?

Perpetrator: She's furious. She wants me to know what it was like to be forced to have sex, and to be held down.

Facilitator to perpetrator: What else?

Perpetrator: I don't know

Facilitator to perpetrator: Let me tell you what else I hear her say. She wants you to hear how terrified she was and how that terror stays with her and she hasn't had a day free of pain since then. Say it back.

Perpetrator: She was terrified then, and she's been terrified every day since then.

Facilitator to victim: Is this what you want you wanted him to hear?

Victim: More than that, more than that.

OK, so we go on for a while. This pain can be very deep, so I help the perpetrator hear that. That's the first step. Until this person feels fully understood.

Facilitator to victim: Do you feel understood?

Victim: Yes.


Now the next thing I'm going to do is help the perpetrator mourn - not apologise, mourn. Mourning requires going deep into yourself. Apology is cheap. It's easy to say you're sorry, but what does that mean? People have learned since the time they've been a child that you say that just to get forgiven. There need be no sincerity in it, no real feeling in it. But in what we call mourning, we want this person to go deep inside. (NB: this corresponds to Step 3)

Facilitator to perpetrator: So tell her what you feel right now, hearing what she's gone through.

Perpetrator: I think I should be punished.

Facilitator: Not what you think should happen to you - what you feel right now.

Perpetrator: I feel like I'm an asshole.

Facilitator: Calling you names isn't the answer. I want you to go inside and tell me how you feel.

Perpetrator: Don't make me do that.

Facilitator: It's terrifying to go inside and really see how it feels to do something like this. It's so much easier to call yourself a name. Or to say she asked for it, or to justify yourself. That's easy, but to go inside after you've seen how the other person has suffered. To go inside and to really express how you feel - it's scary. So I want you to go inside and tell me how you feel now that you see how she's suffered.

Perpetrator: I feel sad. I feel sad.

Facilitator: What needs of yours were not met by your behaviour?

Perpetrator: That's not how I want to treat people, man. That's not how I want to treat people.

OK, that's what we call mourning. I'm shortening the process, but that's mourning: going inside and really looking at how you feel about what you've done. And connecting it to needs of yours - your own - that weren't met by your own actions. That's far scarier but more sincere than an apology.

(NB: This next part corresponds to Step 4 in the summary above.)

Facilitator to Perpetrator: Now I want you to tell her what was going on in you when you did it. What were you feeling when you did it. What needs of yours were you trying to meet when you did it?

Now it's interesting how in this part, the victim, before I even ask for it, after they get the understanding for their suffering, almost always they're screaming something like this: How could you do it? How could you do it?

For healing to take place, there first needs to be the original empathy, the understanding, but then we also need to know 'how could this person do it?'. Because until we can really understand the other person and see why they did what they did, we can't forgive them and we can't heal until we can forgive them.

Now in NVC empathy and forgiveness are the same thing. When we empathise, there's nothing to forgive. But we also stress in our work: don't go too quickly to getting the victim to understand the other person. Almost from the very beginning, some people in their lives have been encouraging them to forgive, to understand the other person. And if they do that before the first part, before they get fully understood for their suffering, the understanding they give to the other person can only be superficial. And it cuts their own healing. But when they've had the understanding they need, they are usually hungry to understand what could have been going on in the other person when they did what they did.

Facilitator to perpetrator: So I want you to tell her now what was going on in you at the moment you were doing this. What was going on?

And now I help the prisoner to identify and articulate what feelings and needs were alive in him when he did it. And then I ask the victim to empathise with that, to tell me back what she hears was going on in him when he did it. What was he feeling? What was he needing?

When that happens, it's amazing the transformation that has occurred. These two people at that point are joined in a way that's going to make the next step much easier. The next step is now the restorative process. What in addition is needed for both parties to feel healed in this? And that's simply a matter of what request do you have of one another now?

So that's a quick overview of how we do restorative justice using NVC.

Question from the audience: What is the difference between an apology and mourning?

Here's what the person always wants to do:

Perpetrator: 'I'm sorry, I'm an asshole. Kill me.'

Facilitator: 'That's what I call an apology - saying 'I'm wrong, I deserve to suffer'. That's how people have been educated. How long have you thought you were an asshole?

Perpetrator: 'My whole life.'

Facilitator: 'Has that kept you from doing this?

Perpetrator: 'No'.

Facilitator: 'It's not what I'm asking you - how you think you are. I want to know how you feel. How do you feel?'

Perpetrator: 'I'm sorry'

Facilitator: 'No, that word doesn't tell me anything. You've probably been saying you're sorry for everything you've done. You've probably been educated to do that by rote. If somebody thinks you're wrong, you say you're sorry and then you're forgiven. No, that's too cheap. I want you to go inside and really tell me how you feel now that you see who's suffering.'

Almost always, they say 'don't make me do that'. It's painful to go inside and really see how painful it is to have done things to another person. It's not shame. The shame comes by self-violence - by thinking that what you did was wrong. That's too easy. Shame is too superficial. And it's a form of violence towards self. I want this person to go in and suffer naturally but deeply. It's a natural feeling when we see that we have done something that didn't serve life. We have strong feelings but never shame or guilt. The feelings are often a deep sadness. A deep despair. A deep fear. Very often it's: 'I'm scared to death to think I could have done something like that to someone.' Deep, deep feelings. But not shame, guilt.

Shame and guilt come about through self violence. Thinking that what you did means there's something wrong with you.

Perpetrator: 'But there is something wrong with me, man. Look what I did to her'.

Facilitator: 'We're going to get later to why you did it. It's too easy to think there's something wrong with you. I want you to go inside now and tell me how you feel about having done it. I don't want to hear you judge yourself. Judging yourself is only going to make you more violent. I want you to mourn, I don't want you to apologise.'

And then after the mourning, we go inside and then we empathise with the reasons why the person did it. You see, the reason a person does this is always to meet a human need or one or more needs.

Now, very often in the work we do in prisons, we don't have the victims available. So I play the role of the victim, and the work we do with the prisoner is to get them to empathise with their victims, to role-play - so we go through the process even when we don't have access to the victims. But we want them to empathise with the suffering created by their acts. We want them to mourn it and then we want them to forgive themselves by empathising fully with what needs of theirs they were trying to meet by doing that. It doesn't justify the behaviour. It just means that when they can see the good reasons why they did it - the good reasons mean they were trying the best they knew how to meet human needs. Then we can start trying to find other ways of meeting those needs that don't violate other people.

Transcription and translation procedure

Dominic Barter and Restorative Justice in Brazil

Dominic Barter, CNVC Restorative Justice Project coordinator, has been developing Restorative practices in Brazil since the mid 90's. Since 2005 his Restorative Circles process has been at the centre of the Brazilian Ministry of Justice pilot projects in Restorative Justice.

Introduced in high schools, youth courts, youth prisons, municipal shelters, police departments and in local communities the Circles have brought about a profound paradigm change in the way justice is done - creating healing and security where conflict and crime had brought division and fear.

In the last three years RC have been shared in 11 countries and projects are underway in families, courts, prisons, schools and communities

Restorative Circles are deeply aligned with the principles and practice of Nonviolent Communication, creating shared power and engaging with the underlying meaning in conflict and crime in order to produce measurable acts that heal and connect. The Circles bring together the three parties involved in painful acts: those who committed the act, those who bore its brunt, and those who form the community of those indirectly impacted.

Using a needs-based dialogue process the participants are invited to recover the ability to understand each other, to learn from what happened, and to make a specific plan for the future, designed to bring benefit to all and change in the social conditions in which the conflict arose. More than a methodology, Restorative Circles are the centrepiece of a systemic response to community safety which bring nonviolence into public life in a tangible, constructive form.

External links

Démonstration du rôle du médiateur (facilitateur) à Londres, le 13 juin 2002

Transcription d'un jeu de rôle :

« Justice réparatrice entre victime et auteur d'abus sexuels »


Présentation du contexte

Dans ce jeu de rôle, Marshall montrait comment un médiateur peut utiliser la CNV pour aider tant la victime que le criminel, à atteindre un niveau où guérir de leur douleur respective devient possible.

En tant que médiateur, il a fait référence à la demande que la victime serait invitée à faire au criminel, mais sans la détailler. Il a aussi reconnu tout le travail que le criminel pourrait avoir à faire pour se mettre en contact avec ses sentiments et ses besoins au moment des faits, avant de participer à la "rencontre" avec la victime.

Marshall jouait trois rôles :

  • le médiateur en justice réparatrice
  • la victime d'abus sexuels
  • l'auteur d'abus sexuels


CNV et justice réparatrice : étapes du processus

Étape 1 : Avant la réunion, le médiateur amène l'auteur d'abus sexuels à s'exprimer en termes de sentiments et de besoins et à entendre les sentiments et les besoins derrière ce que la victime peut dire. Dans la mesure du possible, le médiateur amènera la victime à faire de même.

Le temps nécessaire pour y arriver variera d'une personne à l'autre.

Étape 2 : La victime exprime la douleur qu'elle sent en lien avec les actes du criminel. Grâce au soutien du médiateur, l'auteur d'abus sexuels reflète à la victime tous les sentiments encore vivants en elle, liés aux actes qu'il a perpétrés.

En Communication non violente, on appelle cela donner de l'empathie. Ce processus peut prendre un certain temps, mais il est nécessaire de le poursuivre jusqu'à ce que la victime éprouve clairement la satisfaction d'être pleinement comprise. Tant que cela n'arrive pas, nous pouvons prédire que la victime ne sera pas capable d'entendre les sentiments et les besoins du criminel, et cela limitera la profondeur du processus de guérison.

Étape 3 : Le criminel va explorer au fond de lui les sentiments qu'il éprouve; il les exprime ainsi que les besoins personnels auxquels il n'a pas répondu en posant cet acte.

En Communication NonViolente, c'est ce que l'on appelle un processus de deuil. Et c'est fondamentalement différent d'un quelconque moyen qui encouragerait le criminel à ressentir de la culpabilité ou de la honte.

Étape 4 : Le criminel dit ce qui se passait à l'intérieur de lui quand il a agi ainsi, c'est-à-dire exprimer les sentiments et les besoins qui l'ont amené à agir comme cela. Il ne s'agit pas de donner des explications ou des justifications de ce qu'il a fait: par exemple, «parce que j'ai été abusé étant enfant». La victime reflète au criminel les sentiments et les besoins qui étaient vivants en lui, et qui l'ont amené à agir comme il l'a fait.

Autrement dit, la victime donne de l'empathie au criminel. L'étape 4 donne les fondations d'un nouveau travail de reconstruction pour le criminel : elle l'aider à trouver des façons nouvelles, plus constructives, de satisfaire ses besoins à l'avenir.

Étape 5 : La victime et le criminel se font des demandes spécifiques l'un à l'autre.

Nous croyons qu'il est essentiel que le médiateur vérifie si l'un ou l'autre a besoin de passer par cette étape, pour que le processus de guérison soit complet.

Ce cycle d'empathie et de compréhension pour la douleur de la victime, de deuil pour les actes du criminel, et de compréhension de comment le criminel en est arrivé à faire ça, maximise la chance de guérison pour les deux parties.

Transcription

Ma préférence est, si nous en avons la possibilité, de réunir la victime et le criminel.

Disons que la victime est une femme qui a été violée. Il y a deux ingrédients : expression du coeur et empathie. Voici à quoi cela va ressembler. La première chose que je vais faire c'est d'amener le criminel à se relier de manière empathique avec ce qui est vivant chez la victime. Je donne à la victime une chance de s'exprimer et de recevoir de l'empathie de la part du criminel.

La plupart du temps, quand les gens veulent punir quelqu'un, je pense que le besoin qu'il y a derrière cela - la punition - est une stratégie et non pas un besoin. Je pense qu'un de leurs besoins est que l'autre personne sache comment ils ont souffert. Mais où cela est-il possible dans notre société ? Les gens ne pensent qu'à une chose: qu'on les prennent pour des victimes - et il ne se passe rien - ou à la punition. Ce sont les deux seules options que nous voyons. Je serais curieux de voir une victime qui, après avoir vécu ce que je vais vous montrer maintenant, aurait encore envie de voir l'autre être puni. Les victimes, tout ce qu'elles veulent la plupart du temps, c'est voir l'autre personne souffrir.

Voilà ce que je vais faire. Je vais commencer en aidant ce criminel à donner de l'empathie à la personne qu'il a violée. (NB: cela correspond à l'étape 2)

La victime: Savez-vous ce que ça fait d'être maintenue et de subir ça ? Savez-vous combien j'ai souffert ? Combien c'est horrible ? Espèce de monstre, espèce de salaud. J'aimerais vous voir mort.

Le médiateur au criminel: Je veux que vous vous remettiez en lien avec ce qu'elle est en train de vous dire. Qu'est-ce qu'elle ressent en ce moment ?

Le criminel: Je suis désolé.

Le médiateur au criminel: Pas des excuses. Les excuses sont trop pauvres. Je veux que vous lui disiez ce que vous l'avez entendue dire qu'elle ressent.

(Pause)

Le médiateur au criminel: Je vais vous dire ce que j'ai entendu et ensuite je veux que vous le répétiez.

Le médiateur à la victime: Si je vous ai bien entendue, vous avez plein de sentiments. Vous êtes en colère qu'une chose pareille puisse vous arriver et vous voulez aussi de la compréhension pour la frayeur que vous avez eue en subissant ça.

La victime: Il n'y a pas que cela, ça c'est passé il y a deux ans et il ne se passe pas un jour de ma vie sans que je n'en souffre encore.

Le médiateur à la victime: Donc, en plus de cela, vous voulez de la compréhension pour toute cette souffrance toujours présente au quotidien, pour la crainte qui reste en vous.

La victime: Oui

Le médiateur au criminel: Bien. Pouvez-vous redire ce que vous avez entendu de ces sentiments. Qu'est-ce qu'elle ressent et de quoi a-t-elle besoin ? (Pause) Vous voulez que je le redise ?

Le criminel: Non, laissez-moi essayer. (À l'adresse de la victime) Vous pensez que je suis un monstre.

Le médiateur au criminel: Ça c'est la partie facile. Je veux que vous entendiez ses sentiments et ses besoins. Quels sentiments et besoins vous exprime-t-elle ?

Le criminel: Elle est furieuse. Elle veut que je sache ce que c'était d'être violée, et d'être maintenue.

Le médiateur au criminel: Quoi d'autre ?

Le criminel: Je ne sais pas.

Le médiateur au criminel: Laissez-moi vous raconter ce que je l'entends dire d'autre. Elle veut que vous entendiez comme elle était terrifiée, combien cette terreur reste en elle, et que depuis, il ne s'est pas passé un jour sans douleur pour elle. Redites-le.

Le criminel: Elle a été terrifiée à ce moment là, et depuis elle vit de la terreur chaque jour.

Le médiateur à la victime: Est-ce que c'est ça que vous vouliez qu'il entende ?

La victime: Plus que ça, plus que ça.

Bien, donc nous continuons pendant un moment. Cette douleur peut être très profonde, donc j'aide le criminel à entendre cela. Ça c'est la première étape. Jusqu'à ce que cette personne se sente entièrement comprise.

Le médiateur à la victime: Vous sentez-vous comprise?

La victime: Oui.

Maintenant la prochaine chose que je vais faire c'est d'aider le criminel à faire son deuil – pas faire des excuses, faire son deuil. Faire son deuil exige d'aller au plus profond de soi. L'excuse est pauvre. C'est facile de dire qu'on est désolé, mais qu'est-ce que ça signifie ? Les gens ont appris depuis qu'ils ont été enfant, qu'on dit ça juste pour être pardonné. Il n'ont besoin de mettre aucune sincérité, aucun réel sentiment là dedans. Mais dans ce que nous appelons le deuil, nous voulons que cette personne explore ce qu'il y a au fond d'elle. (NB: cela correspond à l'étape 3)

Le médiateur au criminel: Alors dites-lui ce que vous ressentez là tout de suite, en ayant conscience de ce à travers quoi elle est passée.

Le criminel: Je pense que je devrais être puni.

Le médiateur: Pas ce que vous pensez qu'il devrait vous arriver – ce que vous ressentez là, maintenant.

Le criminel: Ce que je ressens, c'est que je suis un salaud.

Le médiateur: De vous insulter n'est pas la réponse. Je veux que vous alliez à l'intérieur de vous et que vous me disiez comment vous vous sentez.

Le criminel: Ne me faites pas faire ça.

Le médiateur: C'est terrifiant d'aller à l'intérieur et de voir vraiment comment on se sent d'avoir fait quelque chose comme ça. C'est tellement plus facile de vous insulter vous-même... Ou de dire qu'elle l'avait cherché, ou de vous justifier. Ça c'est facile, mais d'aller à l'intérieur après avoir vu comment l'autre personne a souffert, d'aller à l'intérieur et de vraiment exprimer comment vous vous sentez: ça, c'est effrayant. Donc je veux que vous alliez à l'intérieur et que vous me disiez comment vous vous sentez maintenant que vous voyez comment elle a souffert.

Le criminel: Je suis triste. Je suis triste.

Le médiateur: Quels besoins chez vous n'ont pas été satisfaits par votre comportement ?

Le criminel: Ce n'est pas comme ça que je veux traiter les gens. Non c'est pas comme ça que je veux traiter les gens.

Bien, voilà ce que nous appelons faire son deuil. Je raccourcis, mais c'est ça faire son deuil: aller à l'intérieur et regarder vraiment comment vous vous sentez d'avoir fait ça; et relier cela à vos besoins – les vôtres – qui n'ont pas été satisfaits par vos propres actions. Ça c'est beaucoup plus effrayant mais plus sincère qu'une excuse.

(NB: La partie suivante correspond à l'étape 4 dans le résumé ci-dessus.)

Le médiateur au criminel: Maintenant je veux que vous lui disiez ce qui se passait en vous quand vous avez fait ça. Q'est-ce que vous resentiez quand vous l'avez fait. Lesquels de vos besoins essayiez-vous de satisfaire quand vous l'avez fait ?

Ce qui est intéressant à remarquer chez la victime à ce moment là, c'est qu'avant même que je ne le demande, après qu'elle a reçu de la compréhension pour sa souffrance, presque toujours, elle crie quelque chose comme : Comment avez vous pu faire ça ? Comment avez vous pu faire ça ?

Pour que la guérison puisse avoir lieu, nous avons d'abord besoin de véritable empathie, de compréhension, mais ensuite nous avons aussi besoin de savoir « comment cette personne a pu faire ça ? ». Parce que jusqu'à ce que nous puissions vraiment comprendre l'autre et voir pourquoi il a fait ce qu'il a fait, nous ne pouvons pas lui pardonner, et nous ne pouvons pas guérir tant que ne nous ne lui avons pas pardonné.

En fait, en CNV, l'empathie et le pardon sont de même nature. Quand nous donnons de l'empathie, il n'y a rien à pardonner. Mais nous soulignons aussi ceci dans notre travail: n'amenez pas trop vite la victime à comprendre l'autre personne. Presque dès le départ et tout au long de leur vie, quelques personnes les ont encouragées à pardonner, comprendre l'autre personne. Et si elles le font avant la première partie, avant qu'elles ne soient entièrement comprises dans leur souffrance, la compréhension qu'elles donnent à l'autre personne ne peut qu'être superficielle. Et cela les coupe de leur propre guérison. Mais quand elles ont reçu la compréhension dont elles avaient besoin, d'habitude elle désirent ardemment comprendre ce qui a bien pu se passer chez l'autre personne quand elle a fait ce qu'elle a fait.

Le médiateur au criminel: Donc je veux que vous lui disiez maintenant ce qui se passait en vous au moment vous le faisiez. Qu'est-ce qui se passait ?

Et maintenant j'aide le prisonnier à identifier et articuler quels sentiments et besoins étaient vivants en lui quand il l'a fait. Et ensuite je demande à la victime de rentrer en empathie avec cela, pour qu'elle me dise en retour ce qu'elle entend qui se passait en lui quand il l'a fait. Que ressentait-il ? De quoi avait-il besoin ?

Quand cela arrive, la transformation réalisée est étonnante. A ce niveau, ces deux personnes sont rejointes d'une telle manière que l'étape suivante sera beaucoup plus facile. L'étape suivante est maintenant le processus réparateur. De quoi ont besoin les deux parties pour se sentir guéries ? La question est simplement: quelles demandes réciproques ont-elles l'une pour l'autre maintenant ?

Donc voilà un rapide aperçu de comment nous pratiquons la justice réparatrice avec la CNV.

Question de l'auditoire: Quelle est la différence entre des excuses et le travail de deuil ?

Voilà ce qui se passe d'habitude :

Le criminel: Je suis désolé, je suis un salaud. Tuez-moi.

Le médiateur: Ça c'est ce que j'appelle une excuse – dire « j'ai tort, je mérite de souffrir ». Ça c'est la manière dont les gens ont été éduqués. Depuis combien de temps pensez-vous que vous êtes un salaud ?

Le criminel: Ma vie entière.

Le médiateur: Est-ce que ça vous a empêché de faire ça ?

Le criminel: Non.

Le médiateur: Je ne vous demande pas ce que vous pensez que vous êtes. Je veux savoir comment vous vous sentez. Comment vous sentez-vous ?

Le criminel: Je suis désolé.

Le médiateur: Non, ce mot ne me dit rien. Vous avez probablement déjà dit que vous êtiez désolé de tout ce que vous avez fait. Vous avez probablement été éduqué à dire ça machinalement. Si quelqu'un pense que vous avez tort, vous dites que vous êtes désolé et ensuite vous êtes pardonné. Non, c'est trop facile. Je veux que vous alliez à l'intérieur de vous et que vous me disiez vraiment comment vous vous sentez maintenant que vous voyez qui souffre.

Presque toujours, ils disent « ne me faites pas faire ça ». C'est douloureux d'aller à l'intérieur et de voir vraiment quelle souffrance c'est d'avoir fait des choses à une autre personne. Ce n'est pas de la honte. La honte vient d'une violence faite à soi-même – en pensant que ce que vous avez fait était mal. Ça c'est trop facile. La honte est trop superficielle. Et c'est une forme de violence vers soi. Je veux que cette personne entre en elle et souffre naturellement, mais profondément. C'est un sentiment naturel quand nous voyons que nous avons fait quelque chose qui n'a pas servi la vie. Nous avons des sentiments forts, mais jamais la honte ou la culpabilité. Les sentiments sont souvent une tristesse profonde. Un désespoir profond. Une crainte profonde. Très souvent c'est : « Je suis effrayé à mort à l'idée que je pourrais avoir fait quelque chose comme ça à quelqu'un. » Des sentiments vraiment profonds. Mais pas de honte ou de culpabilité.

La honte et la culpabilité viennent de la violence envers soi-même. En pensant que ce que vous avez fait veut dire qu'il y a quelque chose de mal en vous.

Le criminel: Mais enfin il y a bien quelque chose qui ne va pas chez moi. Regarde ce que je lui ai fait.

Le médiateur: Nous viendrons plus tard à pourquoi vous l'avez fait. C'est trop facile de penser qu'il y a quelque chose qui ne va pas chez vous. Je veux que vous alliez à l'intérieur maintenant et que vous me disiez comment vous vous sentez de l'avoir fait. Je ne veux pas vous entendre vous juger vous-même. De vous juger vous-même va seulement vous rendre plus violent. Je veux que vous en fassiez votre deuil, je ne veux pas que vous fassiez des excuses.

Et ensuite après le deuil, nous allons à l'intérieur et puis nous donnons de l'empathie aux raisons pour lesquelles la personne l'a fait. Vous voyez, la raison pour laquelle une personne fait cela, c'est toujours pour répondre à un besoin humain, à un ou plusieurs besoins.

Maintenant, très souvent dans le travail que nous faisons en prison, nous n'avons pas les victimes présentes. Donc je joue le rôle de la victime et le travail que nous faisons avec les prisonniers doit les amener à entrer en empathie avec leurs victimes, à jouer ce jeu de rôle pour réaliser l'intégralité du processus même quand nous n'avons pas accès aux victimes. Mais nous voulons qu'ils rentrent en empathie avec la souffrance créée par leurs actes. Nous voulons qu'ils en fassent le deuil et ensuite nous voulons qu'ils se pardonnent en étant complètement en empathie avec les autres besoins qu'ils essayaient de satisfaire en faisant ça. Il ne s'agit pas de justifier le comportement. Cela signifie juste que quand ils peuvent voir les bonnes raisons pour lesquelles ils l'ont fait – les bonnes raisons ça veut dire qu'ils faisaient du mieux qu'ils pouvaient pour répondre à des besoins humains – alors nous pouvons commencer à essayer de trouver d'autres façons de satisfaire ces besoins qui ne passent pas par violer d'autres personnes.

Procédure de transcription et de traduction

Liens externes

  • Premières publications :